美國境內每州每10萬人有多少間供應披薩的餐廳，圖片來源：Datafiniti
Between 2007 - 2010, a USDA study estimated that 1 in 8 Americans ate some form of pizza on any given day. That number climbs to about 1 in 4 for males and 1 in 5 for females when looking specifically at Americans age 12 to 19. There’s no escaping it; pizza is engrained in our diets.
根據美國農業部〈USDA〉的統計資料顯示，在2007到2010年間，有八分之一的美國人平日有吃披薩的習慣。而12歲至19歲間的年齡層有同樣習慣的人口，大約有四分之一的男性及五分之一的女性是離不開披薩的。我們可以說，披薩已經離不開美國的生活了。
Pizza is not only a pillar of the American diet, but also of our culture.
無論對於美國的飲食還是文化，披薩儼然成為了美國的代表。
Through saturation of TV, movies, and now the internet, it has entered the zeitgeist. How do you make characters as strange as the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles more relatable? Make them love pizza. Right now, you can search on Amazon to find pizza sweatshirts, pizza pool toys, and pizza cologne. Even new disruptive and trendy technological innovations need their connection to pizza. That’s why there’s a pizza cryptocurrency and drone pizza delivery.
披薩透過各式各樣傳媒的管道，默默地成為了當代的浪潮〈zeitgest〉。電影業者為了要讓忍者龜這樣的角色貼近於大眾的現實生活，就讓它們喜歡吃披薩！除了傳播媒體，現在你甚至可以在亞馬遜上找到有披薩圖樣的運動衫、戲水玩具和披薩風味的香水。甚至現在具有破壞性〈disruptive〉和新潮的科技的新發明，為了要吸引客群，都要與披薩做連結。在這樣的宣傳下，可以理解為何會有披薩的虛擬市場〈cryptocurrency〉及頻繁的披薩外送的現象了
We noticed that pizza prices and availability can vary dramatically across the United States. We analyzed data from Priceonomics customer, Datafiniti, a data company that has digitized menus across America. Which states and cities have the most pizzerias? How much can you expect to pay for pizza across the country?
我們發現到美國，披薩的價格和流通性因著各地，有著大幅度的不同。我們藉由本網站的客戶，Datafiniti〈一家用數位化分析美國各家餐廳菜單的資料分析公司〉參與本次的研究。有哪一州和哪個城市有最多的披薩店？另外各地的美國人預期會花多少錢在披薩上？
Starting with this business data, we searched for restaurants serving pizza. This data set gave us thousands of different listings to comb through for more detailed location and menu information. To control for differences in price because of toppings and sizes, we needed a standardized item for evaluation, so we found the price of a large plain pizza in each restaurant record. This baseline allowed us to compare prices across cities and states more accurately.
為了要開始展開這項調查，我們搜尋了境內有販賣披薩的餐廳。Datafiniti給了我們存有上千份不同表單的資料庫〈data set〉，讓我們可以透過裡面更詳細的資訊〈地理位置與菜單〉做整理。為了要控制各種披薩上因著不同餡料與大小所造成價格的不同，我們需要一項基準來做評估，因此我們找了每家餐廳中大尺寸原味披薩的價格。這樣的基準可以讓我們更準確地比較各個城市與各州的披薩的售價。
So, where can you find the most places serving pizza? Accounting for population, you can find the most pizza places concentrated in the Northeast, particularly Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New Jersey. At the city level, the trend is not as clear, with Orlando, FL, Buffalo, NY, and Minneapolis, MN taking the top three spots.
那麼哪個地區有最多賣披薩的店家呢？以人口的比例來說，您可以發現有在賣披薩的餐廳都集中在美國東北地區，特別是康乃狄克州〈Cnnecticut〉、麻薩諸塞州〈Massachusetts〉、羅德島〈Rhode Island〉與紐澤西州〈New Jersey〉
How much will you pay for a large cheese pie? Median prices range from $7.25 to as much as $15. Despite only looking at plain cheese pizza, there are subtle stylistic differences that likely lead to price variation. The neighborhood family-friendly pizza place and the typical franchise have much lower prices than artisanal wood-fire pizzerias. Other regional differences, like Chicago deep dish, lead to higher prices as well.
那麼您會付多少錢去買披薩呢？以統計學來看，各地的中位數價格〈Median Price：所有價格中排在中間的數值 〉的範圍大約落在7.25到15美金之間。儘管只有把資料範圍限制在原味的起司披薩，但因為各個店家的披薩外型各異，在價格上也可能會有這樣的差距。從提供的資料來看，適合一家大小光顧的披薩店和一般的加盟店〈像台灣的達美樂或是必勝客等等〉的售價比手工窯烤店來得低。此外，不同地區的口味，像是芝加哥式披薩〈Chicago Deep Dish，外型有點像塔〉同樣也是價格較高的原因
And the cities with the most expensive cheese pizzas in America? Buffalo, NY, Nashville, TN, and San Francisco, CA take the top three spots.
那麼美國的哪個城市的披薩價位最高呢？紐約州的水牛城、田納西州的納許維爾和加州的舊金山排在所有城市的前三名
Despite those geographical differences, there is one universal truth: no matter where you are, you’ll be able to find pizza.
儘管有那些地理區域性的不同，無論如何，不管您在哪個地區，您都能找到披薩
To start our investigation, we will want to see how pizza places are distributed across the country. To account for differences in population, our metric of interest will not be absolute number of restaurants, but instead number of restaurants per 100K residents. Controlling for populations makes sure some states, like California, do not dominate the top of our charts.
為了要展開我們的研究，我們先要看的是披薩店在美國是如何分布的。那麼考量到各個地區有著不同的人口數，所以我們不是用各個地區有多少的披薩店來判斷，而是用每十萬人有幾間披薩店來做計算
The state with the most restaurants serving pizza is Connecticut, with 13.2 restaurants per capita. Smaller northeastern states with large Italian populations dominate the list, including Massachusetts (11.7), Rhode Island (11.6), and New Jersey (9.6).
美國境內擁有最多披薩店的地區是康乃迪克州〈Connecticut〉，每十萬人就13.2家披薩店。東北部較小面積的州因為有著大量的義裔人口比例，排名也相當地前面，包括麻塞諸塞州〈Massachusetts〉的11.7、羅德島〈Rhode Island〉的11.6與紐澤西〈New Jersey〉的9.6
New York and Illinois, two states that are known for their distinct styles of pizza, are in the second tier of states, along with areas of West, the upper Midwest, and Florida.
紐約和伊利諾〈Illinois〉這兩個以獨特風格的披薩而聞名的州，都排在了第二個區間，而西岸、中西部偏北的州與佛羅里達〈Florida〉則是緊追在後
States in the Deep South have the fewest number of pizza places per capita. We expect this result as these states don’t have distinctive pizza styles. Hawaii, despite having an eponymous pizza (the Hawaiian, which features pineapple and ham), is also in this group.
在南部的州每十萬人中有著較少的披薩店。我們推測有這樣的結果是因為這些州都沒有獨特風味的披薩。但是夏威夷是個例外，當地有著以他的名字為命名的披薩〈夏威夷披薩，它的特色是裡面有鳳梨跟火腿〉，也包含在這個範圍裡
So looking at these states, what is the cost of the average large plain cheese pie?
接著看著地圖上的這些州，那麼這樣的原味大披薩賣多錢呢
每一州的原味大披薩的價格的中位數，資料來源：Datafiniti
North Dakota and Wyoming have the most highest median prices. While there is no distinct regional trend, there are some possible explanations for what we see. These states have fewer pizzerias, which tend to be more upscale, artisanal sit-down restaurants. So in cases where you can find pizza, it’s just a more expensive variety. Maine and Alaska have the cheapest pizza options. While that’s not exactly the attribute you want your pizza to be known for, it is a great thing for pizza lovers in these states.
北達科他州〈North Darkota〉與懷俄明州〈Wyoming〉的價格中位數是最高的。雖然價位與地區似乎是沒有關聯的，但我們可以從中看到有些可以解釋這張表格的方式。這些州的披薩店數都是比較少的，而且大多都是比較高檔、手工製作又是可以讓客人坐下來用餐的餐廳，所以在這樣的狀況下，你能找到的只是比較貴的披薩。緬因州〈Maine〉和阿拉斯加〈Alaska〉可以選擇到最便宜的披薩。雖然這些州並非剛好因為它的披薩非常有名，這樣便宜的價格的確是對於那些愛吃披薩的人是一件很棒的事情
Now we will go one level deeper and take a look at America’s cities. Where can we find the most pizza restaurants per capita? When working with this data, we limited our comparison to the 50 cities with the greatest absolute number of pizza places.
現在我們要更進一步的分析並看一下美國的城市。我們可以發現到底以每十萬人的規模下，最多披薩店的城市在哪裡？當我們要使用這些資料時，我們將條件限制在50個有著最多披薩店的城市
按人口分配後最多披薩店的城市〈每十萬人口有多少披薩店〉，資料來源：Datafininti
Orlando, FL sits at the top of our list with 21.6 restaurants per 100K residents. While Orlando is not known for any pizza tradition, a few things could be causing the abundance of pizza. Florida, in general, is known for tourism, Orlando especially. Pizza is guaranteed to interest tourists no matter where they’re from and it’s a great option for families when traveling. Ft. Lauderdale likely has a similar story.
佛羅里達的奧蘭多市以每十萬人中有21.6家披薩店，排在本榜單的首位。雖然奧蘭多並沒有任何在地風味的披薩，不過因為某些原因，使它成為境內披薩店比例最高的一座城市。別忘了，披薩是吸引來自世界各地的遊客的保證，當家庭旅遊的時候，它不失為是一種很好的選擇。由此推論，排在前面的羅德岱堡〈Ft.Lauderdale〉也很可能有著同樣的原因
Number two is a city from New York that is not NYC; it’s Buffalo (20.2). This mid-sized city has a sizable Italian community and its own style of pizza. It’s a medium-thick crust round pie that is somewhere between New York and Chicago pizza styles.
排名第二、來自紐約州的城市並不是紐約市；而是水牛城〈Bufflo〉。這個中型城市有著相當規模的義大利人的群落還有這座城市獨特風味的披薩。這種披薩是中等厚度的圓形脆披薩，介於紐約與芝加哥之間
Our third place city, Minneapolis (21.1), may seem like the odd-man-out at first, but the Midwest also has its own distinct pie. Its square shape and medium-thick crust is similar to the traditional Neapolitan pie that families would bake at home. You’re likely to see this shape of pizza across the Rust Belt, as far east as Detroit.
排名第三的城市，是明尼亞波利斯〈Minneapolis〉，剛開始看還覺得有些詭異，但是中西部也有著在地風味的披薩-中等厚度的方形脆披薩與家庭會在家裡烘烤的傳統那不勒斯披薩相似。除了明尼亞波利斯，你可能也可以在東北部的工業地區還有遠在東部的底特律看到這樣形狀的披薩
Now that we know where to find pizza, we should learn more about prices. Again we will look at the median price of a large plain pizza to compare our cities.
現在我們知道了可以在哪裡找到披薩，接著應該要更進一步地了解各地的價位，同樣的，我們會以大的原味披薩來做比較
最便宜與最貴的披薩的城市〈原味大披薩的價格中位數〉，資料來源：Datafiniti
The city with the highest median price is Buffalo, NY at $14.79 for a large plain pie. In general, large metropolitan areas or mid-sized eastern cities compose the most expensive cities for pizza. Most likely their prices are just a product of the higher cost of living.
紐約州的水牛城位居榜首，以價格中位數14.79美金排行第一。我們從中可以發現，本榜單不外乎就是大都市或是中型的東部城市。當地的物價指數較高很可能是原因之一。
At $5.99, Lexington, KY has the least expensive median price. Overall these cities are smaller and more often in the center of the country. Two of the cities with the most pizzerias, Orlando and Minneapolis, are also on our list for least expensive plain pies. That’s great news if you are a pizza lover in either of these cities. While we would need much more data to verify this idea, it could be possible that the high number of restaurants leads to greater competition and therefore better prices for customers.
堪薩斯的萊辛頓市〈Lexington〉有著最低價的價格中位數。表列上這些有著低價中位數的城市的城市規模都很小而且多為美國的中部地區。兩個境內有最多披薩店的城市：奧蘭多和明尼亞波利斯也在這張表裡面。如果你是很愛吃披薩又是居住在這些城市的人，那這對你來說就是最好的消息了。雖然可能是因為這些城市有著大量的披薩店，而為了要更具有競爭力所以會給消費者較為優惠的價格，但這部分仍需要更多的資料去證實這樣的推論
結論：
1. 根據統計，大約有八分之一的美國人平日有吃披薩的習慣，隨著年齡層越往下降，這樣的比例就越高，可以從中了解，美國日常生活是脫離不了披薩的
2. 本文是以中大尺寸的原味披薩作為基準的，所以無法了解其他口味或尺寸的統計結果是否有不同之處
3. 有些地區的披薩店家數量較多的原因不外乎是人口比例〈義裔〉、旅遊勝地〈奧蘭多〉及在地風味〈夏威夷例外〉
4. 有些地區的披薩單價較高，是因為當地的物價水準較高的緣故〈大都市或是中型的美東城市〉
5. 如果想去各種不同披薩店又想要吃到平價的披薩，那麼去奧蘭多或是明尼亞波利斯就相當適合
原文出處：Where is Pizza Most Expensive (and Cheapest) in America?
撰文日期：2017.9.19
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